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Relatable Notes For You
Relatable NOTES For 10Th
SCIENCE MATH (COMING SOON) S.S.T(COMING SOON) ENGLISH(COMING SOON)
🌟 LIGHT – REFLECTION (Class 10)
Mirror wali duniya ko simple bana dete hain 😎
🔦 Light kya hoti hai?
Light ek energy hai jo hume cheezon ko dekhne me madad karti hai.
👉 Andhere me cheez hoti hai, par dikhti nahi
👉 Light aayi → cheez dikhi
🪞 Reflection kya hota hai?
👉 Jab light kisi surface se takra kar wapas aa jaye, usse Reflection kehte hain.
Real Life Example 👇
Sheesha (Mirror)
Paani me apna chehra
Steel plate me face
🪞 Types of Mirrors (3 bhai 👨👨👦)
1️⃣ Plane Mirror (Flat mirror)
📌 Jaise ghar ka normal sheesha
Image ke features:
Same size
Seedhi (erect)
Left-right ulta (lateral inversion)
Real nahi, virtual image
🧠 Bathroom mirror trick:
Text ko ulta likhne pe mirror me seedha dikhta hai 😄
2️⃣ Concave Mirror (Andar se dhansa hua)
📌 Jaise shaving mirror 🔍
Kya karta hai?
Paas object → bada image
Door object → chhota image
Kabhi real, kabhi virtual
Uses:
Shaving mirror
Doctor ka mirror
Car headlights
3️⃣ Convex Mirror (Bahar se ubhra hua)
📌 Jaise bike / car ka side mirror 🚗
Features:
Hamesha chhota image
Hamesha virtual & erect
Use kyun? ➡️ Zyada area dikhta hai
➡️ Isliye road safety mirror
📍 Important Points (Jo exam me aate hain)
🔹 Pole (P)
Mirror ka centre
🔹 Principal Axis
Seedhi line jo mirror ke centre se jaati hai
🔹 Focus (F)
Jahan light rays milti hain (ya milti hui lagti hain)
🔹 Radius of Curvature (R)
Mirror ka pura curve ka radius
📌 Relation:
👉 R = 2F
✏️ Laws of Reflection (2 golden rules)
1️⃣ Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
2️⃣ Incident ray, reflected ray aur normal ek hi plane me hote hain
🧠 Yaad rakhne ka trick:
👉 “Aaya jitna, gaya utna” 😄
🧪 Image Formation – Simple table
Mirror
Image
Plane
Same size, virtual
Concave
Real/Virtual (distance pe depend)
Convex
Hamesha chhota, virtual
🚨 Exam ke liye MUST याद रखो
✔ Laws of reflection
✔ Plane, concave, convex mirror difference
✔ Uses of mirrors
✔ R = 2F
🧠 One-line yaad trick 😎
Concave = doctor + shaving
Convex = road safety
Plane = bathroom
⚡ ELECTRICITY (Class 10)
Ghar ka current = Physics ka king 👑
🔌 Electricity kya hoti hai? (Real life se)
Electricity = charges ka flow.
👉 Jaise paani pipe me flow karta hai
👉 Waise hi electric charge wire me flow karta hai
Flow hoga tabhi bulb jalega, warna andhera 😄
🔋 Electric Current (I) — “Flow kitna tez?”
👉 Ek second me kitna charge flow kar raha hai = current
Formula:
Copy code
I = Q / t
🧠 Relatable example:
Zyada paani ek second me = zyada current
Kam paani = kam current
Unit: Ampere (A)
🔋 Electric Potential Difference (V) — “Push force”
Voltage = current ko chalane wali taakat 💪
👉 Jaise paani ko dhakka dene ke liye height chahiye
👉 Waise hi charge ko dhakka dene ke liye voltage
Unit: Volt (V)
🧠 Yaad trick:
👉 “Bina voltage, current zero”
🔩 Resistance (R) — “Rukawat”
Resistance = current ko rokne wali cheez
👉 Patli wire = zyada resistance
👉 Moti wire = kam resistance
🧠 Road example:
Patli gali → traffic slow
Highway → traffic fast
Unit: Ohm (Ω)
🔥 OHM’s LAW — KING RULE 👑
Copy code
V = I × R
🧠 Yaad trick:
👉 VIR triangle
Copy code
V
I R
Cover karo jo chahiye 😎
📐 Resistance kis pe depend karta hai?
1️⃣ Length ↑ → Resistance ↑
2️⃣ Area ↑ → Resistance ↓
3️⃣ Material
4️⃣ Temperature
🔗 Series vs Parallel (Exam favourite 🔥)
🔸 Series Connection
Current same
Voltage divide hota hai
Ek bulb fuse = sab off 😵
📌 Use: Decoration lights
🔸 Parallel Connection
Voltage same
Current divide hota hai
Ek bulb fuse = baaki on 😎
📌 Use: Home wiring
👉 Exam line yaad:
“Homes use parallel connection”
💡 Electric Power — “Bill ka boss” 💸
Power = kaam kitni speed se ho raha
Formula:
Copy code
P = V × I
Units:
Watt (W)
kWh = commercial unit (bill me aata hai)
🧠 Relatable:
Zyada power = zyada bill 😭
📌 IMPORTANT FORMULAS (Must remember)
Formula
Use
I = Q/t
Current
V = IR
Ohm’s law
R = ρL/A
Resistance
P = VI
Power
E = Pt
Energy
🚨 Exam ke liye GOLDEN TIPS
✔ Units mat bhoolna
✔ Diagram clean banana
✔ Numericals me steps likhna
✔ VIR triangle use karna
😄 One-line yaad tricks
Current = flow
Voltage = push
Resistance = rukawat
Parallel = ghar
Series = decoration
Mechanical energy
🧠 Real life:
Fan
Mixer
Washing machine
Motor ke parts:
Coil
Magnet
Split ring (commutator)
Battery
🧪 Fleming’s RIGHT HAND RULE (Generator Rule) ✋
Ye rule induced current ki direction batata hai.
🧠 Yaad:
👉 Generator = Right hand
⚡ Electromagnetic Induction
👉 Jab magnetic field change hota hai,
👉 wire me current induce hota hai
🧠 Simple:
Magnet hilao → current paida ho jaata hai
🔄 Electric Generator
👉 Mechanical energy → Electric energy
🧠 Examples:
Power stations
Cycle dynamo
🚨 Exam ke liye MOST IMPORTANT
✔ Oersted experiment
✔ Right hand thumb rule
✔ Fleming left & right hand rules
✔ Motor & Generator principle
📌 ONE-LINE YAAD TRICKS 😄
Motor = Left hand
Generator = Right hand
Current = Magnet banata
Solenoid = Powerful magnet
📋 SUMMARY TABLE
Topic
Yaad
Current
Magnetic field banata
Motor
Electric → Mechanical
Generator
Mechanical → Electric
Left hand
Motor
Right hand
Generato
🧠 Real life:
Fan
Mixer
Washing machine
Motor ke parts:
Coil
Magnet
Split ring (commutator)
Battery
🧪 Fleming’s RIGHT HAND RULE (Generator Rule) ✋
Ye rule induced current ki direction batata hai.
🧠 Yaad:
👉 Generator = Right hand
⚡ Electromagnetic Induction
👉 Jab magnetic field change hota hai,
👉 wire me current induce hota hai
🧠 Simple:
Magnet hilao → current paida ho jaata hai
🔄 Electric Generator
👉 Mechanical energy → Electric energy
🧠 Examples:
Power stations
Cycle dynamo
🚨 Exam ke liye MOST IMPORTANT
✔ Oersted experiment
✔ Right hand thumb rule
✔ Fleming left & right hand rules
✔ Motor & Generator principle
📌 ONE-LINE YAAD TRICKS 😄
Motor = Left hand
Generator = Right hand
Current = Magnet banata
Solenoid = Powerful magnet
📋 SUMMARY TABLE
Topic
Yaad
Current
Magnetic field banata
Motor
Electric → Mechanical
Generator
Mechanical → Electric
Left hand
Motor
Right hand
Generato
👁️ THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD
Aankh + rang = magic ✨
👁️ Human Eye kya hai?
Human eye ek natural camera hai 📸
Jo hume cheezon ko dekhne me madad karta hai.
👉 Camera jaise:
Lens hota hai
Screen hoti hai
Waise hi eye me:
Eye lens
Retina
🧠 Parts of Human Eye (easy words me)
1️⃣ Cornea
Eye ka transparent front part
Light sabse pehle yahin se enter karti hai
2️⃣ Iris
Eye ka coloured part (black, brown, blue 👀)
Light ko control karta hai
3️⃣ Pupil
Eye ka chhota hole
Zyada light → chhota
Kam light → bada
🧠 Yaad trick:
👉 Zyada roshni = chhota pupil
4️⃣ Eye Lens
Convex lens
Light ko focus karta hai
5️⃣ Retina
Eye ki screen
Yahin image banti hai
📌 Image kaisi hoti hai?
Real
Inverted (ulti)
Chhoti
6️⃣ Optic Nerve
Image ka signal brain tak bhejta hai
🧠 Brain ulti image ko seedha samajh leta hai 😄
🔍 Defects of Vision (Exam favourite 🔥)
👓 1️⃣ Myopia (Near-sightedness)
👉 Paas ki cheez dikhti hai
👉 Door ki cheez blur
📌 Correction:
Concave lens
🧠 Example:
Board pe likha nahi dikhta
👓 2️⃣ Hypermetropia (Far-sightedness)
👉 Door ki cheez dikhti hai
👉 Paas ki cheez blur
📌 Correction:
Convex lens
🧠 Example:
Book paas laane pe dikhe
👓 3️⃣ Presbyopia
👉 Budhape me hota hai
👉 Eye muscles weak ho jaate hain
📌 Correction:
Bifocal lens
🌈 Dispersion of Light
👉 White light jab prism se guzarti hai
👉 7 colours me toot jaati hai 🌈
VIBGYOR:
Violet
Indigo
Blue
Green
Yellow
Orange
Red
🧠 Yaad trick:
👉 VIBGYOR (sabko yaad 😄)
🌦️ Rainbow kaise banta hai?
🌧️ Rain + 🌞 Sunlight = 🌈 Rainbow
Steps: 1️⃣ Refraction
2️⃣ Dispersion
3️⃣ Total internal reflection
📌 Red colour upar
📌 Violet niche
🌫️ Scattering of Light
👉 Light ka fail jaana
Sky blue kyun dikhta hai? 🔵
Blue colour zyada scatter hota hai
Isliye sky blue
Sun red kyun dikhta hai sunset pe? 🔴
Blue scatter ho jaata hai
Red bacha rehta hai
🚨 Exam ke liye MOST IMPORTANT
✔ Parts of eye
✔ Image formation on retina
✔ Myopia, Hypermetropia
✔ Dispersion & Rainbow
✔ Blue sky & red sunset
📌 ONE-LINE YAAD TRICKS 😄
Retina = screen
Eye = natural camera
Myopia = concave
Hypermetropia = convex
Sky = blue, Sun = red
📋 QUICK SUMMARY TABLE
Topic
Key Point
Eye
Natural camera
Retina
Image banti
Myopia
Concave lens
Hypermetropia
Convex lens
Rainbow
VIBGYOR
Sky
Blue (scattering)
Aankh + rang = magic ✨
👁️ Human Eye kya hai?
Human eye ek natural camera hai 📸
Jo hume cheezon ko dekhne me madad karta hai.
👉 Camera jaise:
Lens hota hai
Screen hoti hai
Waise hi eye me:
Eye lens
Retina
🧠 Parts of Human Eye (easy words me)
1️⃣ Cornea
Eye ka transparent front part
Light sabse pehle yahin se enter karti hai
2️⃣ Iris
Eye ka coloured part (black, brown, blue 👀)
Light ko control karta hai
3️⃣ Pupil
Eye ka chhota hole
Zyada light → chhota
Kam light → bada
🧠 Yaad trick:
👉 Zyada roshni = chhota pupil
4️⃣ Eye Lens
Convex lens
Light ko focus karta hai
5️⃣ Retina
Eye ki screen
Yahin image banti hai
📌 Image kaisi hoti hai?
Real
Inverted (ulti)
Chhoti
6️⃣ Optic Nerve
Image ka signal brain tak bhejta hai
🧠 Brain ulti image ko seedha samajh leta hai 😄
🔍 Defects of Vision (Exam favourite 🔥)
👓 1️⃣ Myopia (Near-sightedness)
👉 Paas ki cheez dikhti hai
👉 Door ki cheez blur
📌 Correction:
Concave lens
🧠 Example:
Board pe likha nahi dikhta
👓 2️⃣ Hypermetropia (Far-sightedness)
👉 Door ki cheez dikhti hai
👉 Paas ki cheez blur
📌 Correction:
Convex lens
🧠 Example:
Book paas laane pe dikhe
👓 3️⃣ Presbyopia
👉 Budhape me hota hai
👉 Eye muscles weak ho jaate hain
📌 Correction:
Bifocal lens
🌈 Dispersion of Light
👉 White light jab prism se guzarti hai
👉 7 colours me toot jaati hai 🌈
VIBGYOR:
Violet
Indigo
Blue
Green
Yellow
Orange
Red
🧠 Yaad trick:
👉 VIBGYOR (sabko yaad 😄)
🌦️ Rainbow kaise banta hai?
🌧️ Rain + 🌞 Sunlight = 🌈 Rainbow
Steps: 1️⃣ Refraction
2️⃣ Dispersion
3️⃣ Total internal reflection
📌 Red colour upar
📌 Violet niche
🌫️ Scattering of Light
👉 Light ka fail jaana
Sky blue kyun dikhta hai? 🔵
Blue colour zyada scatter hota hai
Isliye sky blue
Sun red kyun dikhta hai sunset pe? 🔴
Blue scatter ho jaata hai
Red bacha rehta hai
🚨 Exam ke liye MOST IMPORTANT
✔ Parts of eye
✔ Image formation on retina
✔ Myopia, Hypermetropia
✔ Dispersion & Rainbow
✔ Blue sky & red sunset
📌 ONE-LINE YAAD TRICKS 😄
Retina = screen
Eye = natural camera
Myopia = concave
Hypermetropia = convex
Sky = blue, Sun = red
📋 QUICK SUMMARY TABLE
Topic
Key Point
Eye
Natural camera
Retina
Image banti
Myopia
Concave lens
Hypermetropia
Convex lens
Rainbow
VIBGYOR
Sky
Blue (scattering)
🧪Acids, Bases and SaltsAcids, Bases and SaltsAcids, Bases and SaltsAcids, Bases and Salts
🧂 Chapter 2: Acids, Bases and Salts
Khatti–meethi chemistry 😄
🔹 Acids
👉 Khatti cheezein
Example: Lemon, vinegar
Blue litmus → Red
pH < 7
🔹 Bases
👉 Kadwi / soapy cheezein
Example: Soap, lime water
Red litmus → Blue
pH > 7
🔹 Salts
👉 Acid + Base ka reaction
Example: Common salt (NaCl)
🔹 pH Scale (0–14)
0–6 → Acidic
7 → Neutral
8–14 → Basic
🧠 Strong acid = lower pH
🔹 Common Salts (Very Important)
Baking Soda: NaHCO₃
Washing Soda: Na₂CO₃·10H₂O
Plaster of Paris: CaSO₄·½H₂O
⚙️ Chapter 3: Metals and Non-metals
Strong vs Soft 💪
🔹 Metals
Shiny
Good conductor
Malleable & ductile
Example: Iron, Copper
🔹 Non-metals
Dull
Poor conductor
Brittle
Example: Oxygen, Sulphur
🔹 Reactivity Series (Yaad rakh 🔥)
Copy code
K Na Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Cu Ag Au
🧠 Upar = zyada reactive
🔹 Corrosion
👉 Metal ka dheere-dheere kharab hona
Example: Rusting of iron
👉 Prevention:
Painting
Galvanization
🧬 Chapter 4: Carbon and its Compounds
Life ki chemistry ❤️
🔹 Carbon kyun special?
4 bonds bana sakta hai
Chain bana sakta hai (catenation)
🔹 Hydrocarbons
Saturated: Single bond (Alkanes)
Unsaturated: Double / Triple bond
🔹 Homologous Series
Same functional group
Chemical properties same
Physical properties gradual change
🔹 Ethanol (Alcohol)
Formula: C₂H₅OH
Fuel, solvent
🔹 Ethanoic Acid (Acetic acid)
Formula: CH₃COOH
Vinegar me hota hai
📌 QUICK EXAM TIPS
✔ Equations balance karo
✔ pH yaad rakho
✔ Reactivity series likhna seekho
✔ Carbon compounds ke formulas yaad
🧠 ONE-LINE YAAD TRICKS 😄
Acid = khatta
Base = kadwa
Metal = shiny
Carbon = life
Life ki chemistry ❤️
🔹 Carbon kyun special?
4 bonds bana sakta hai
Chain bana sakta hai (catenation)
🔹 Hydrocarbons
Saturated: Single bond (Alkanes)
Unsaturated: Double / Triple bond
🔹 Homologous Series
Same functional group
Chemical properties same
Physical properties gradual change
🔹 Ethanol (Alcohol)
Formula: C₂H₅OH
Fuel, solvent
🔹 Ethanoic Acid (Acetic acid)
Formula: CH₃COOH
Vinegar me hota hai
📌 QUICK EXAM TIPS
✔ Equations balance karo
✔ pH yaad rakho
✔ Reactivity series likhna seekho
✔ Carbon compounds ke formulas yaad
🧠 ONE-LINE YAAD TRICKS 😄
Acid = khatta
Base = kadwa
Metal = shiny
Carbon = life
🌱 CHAPTER 1: LIFE PROCESSES
🔹 Life Processes kya hote hain?
Life processes wo sab basic activities hain jo ek living organism ko zinda rakhne ke liye zaroori hoti hain.
Agar ye processes band ho jaayen, to organism zinda nahi reh sakta.
🔹 Main Life Processes:
Nutrition
Respiration
Transportation
Excretion
🍎 1. Nutrition
Nutrition ka matlab hai food lena aur usse energy, growth aur repair ke liye use karna.
🔸 Nutrition in Plants (Photosynthesis)
Plants apna food khud banate hain, isliye unhe autotrophs kehte hain.
Photosynthesis equation:
Copy code
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
👉 Is process ke liye:
Sunlight
Chlorophyll
Carbon dioxide
Water
zaroori hota hai.
🔸 Nutrition in Humans
Hum heterotrophs hote hain kyunki hum plants ya animals pe depend karte hain.
Steps of Human Nutrition:
Ingestion – food lena
Digestion – food todna
Absorption – nutrients blood me lena
Assimilation – nutrients ka use
Egestion – waste bahar nikalna
🫁 2. Respiration
Respiration ek process hai jisme food se energy release hoti hai.
Types:
Aerobic respiration – oxygen ke saath
Anaerobic respiration – oxygen ke bina
👉 Aerobic respiration zyada energy deta hai.
❤️ 3. Transportation
Transportation ka matlab hai body ke andar substances ka movement.
In Humans:
Heart blood pump karta hai
Blood oxygen, nutrients aur waste carry karta hai
In Plants:
Xylem → water transport
Phloem → food transport
🚽 4. Excretion
Excretion ka matlab hai waste substances ko body se bahar nikalna.
In Humans:
Kidney main organ hai
Nephron = functional unit of kidney
🔹 Life Processes kya hote hain?
Life processes wo sab basic activities hain jo ek living organism ko zinda rakhne ke liye zaroori hoti hain.
Agar ye processes band ho jaayen, to organism zinda nahi reh sakta.
🔹 Main Life Processes:
Nutrition
Respiration
Transportation
Excretion
🍎 1. Nutrition
Nutrition ka matlab hai food lena aur usse energy, growth aur repair ke liye use karna.
🔸 Nutrition in Plants (Photosynthesis)
Plants apna food khud banate hain, isliye unhe autotrophs kehte hain.
Photosynthesis equation:
Copy code
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
👉 Is process ke liye:
Sunlight
Chlorophyll
Carbon dioxide
Water
zaroori hota hai.
🔸 Nutrition in Humans
Hum heterotrophs hote hain kyunki hum plants ya animals pe depend karte hain.
Steps of Human Nutrition:
Ingestion – food lena
Digestion – food todna
Absorption – nutrients blood me lena
Assimilation – nutrients ka use
Egestion – waste bahar nikalna
🫁 2. Respiration
Respiration ek process hai jisme food se energy release hoti hai.
Types:
Aerobic respiration – oxygen ke saath
Anaerobic respiration – oxygen ke bina
👉 Aerobic respiration zyada energy deta hai.
❤️ 3. Transportation
Transportation ka matlab hai body ke andar substances ka movement.
In Humans:
Heart blood pump karta hai
Blood oxygen, nutrients aur waste carry karta hai
In Plants:
Xylem → water transport
Phloem → food transport
🚽 4. Excretion
Excretion ka matlab hai waste substances ko body se bahar nikalna.
In Humans:
Kidney main organ hai
Nephron = functional unit of kidney
🧠 CHAPTER 2: CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Body ke sab organs ko proper control aur coordination chahiye hota hai taaki wo sahi time pe kaam karein.
🔹 Nervous System
Nervous system fast messages bhejne ka kaam karta hai.
Parts:
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Reflex Action:
Kisi sudden situation me body ka instant response.
Example:
Haath jalne par turant hata lena.
🔹 Hormonal Coordination
Hormones chemical messengers hote hain jo blood ke through kaam karte hain.
Hormone
Function
Insulin
Blood sugar control
Adrenaline
Emergency hormone
Thyroxine
Growth & metabolism
Body ke sab organs ko proper control aur coordination chahiye hota hai taaki wo sahi time pe kaam karein.
🔹 Nervous System
Nervous system fast messages bhejne ka kaam karta hai.
Parts:
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Reflex Action:
Kisi sudden situation me body ka instant response.
Example:
Haath jalne par turant hata lena.
🔹 Hormonal Coordination
Hormones chemical messengers hote hain jo blood ke through kaam karte hain.
Hormone
Function
Insulin
Blood sugar control
Adrenaline
Emergency hormone
Thyroxine
Growth & metabolism
👶 CHAPTER 3: HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE
Reproduction wo process hai jisme organisms apni species ko aage badhate hain.
🔹 Asexual Reproduction
Single parent
Fast process
No variation
Examples:
Binary fission
Budding
🔹 Sexual Reproduction
Male & female gametes involved
Fertilization hota hai
Genetic variation hota hai (important for evolution)
🔹 Human Reproduction
Testes → sperms
Ovaries → eggs
Fertilization → zygote → embryo
Reproduction wo process hai jisme organisms apni species ko aage badhate hain.
🔹 Asexual Reproduction
Single parent
Fast process
No variation
Examples:
Binary fission
Budding
🔹 Sexual Reproduction
Male & female gametes involved
Fertilization hota hai
Genetic variation hota hai (important for evolution)
🔹 Human Reproduction
Testes → sperms
Ovaries → eggs
Fertilization → zygote → embryo
🧬 CHAPTER 4: HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION
🔹 Heredity
Parents ke traits genes ke through bacchon me jaate hain.
Gene = unit of heredity
DNA me present hota hai
🔹 Mendel’s Experiment
Gregor Mendel ne pea plants pe experiments karke heredity ke rules diye.
Dominant trait → dikhta hai
Recessive trait → chup jaata hai
🔹 Evolution
Time ke saath organisms me slow changes aate hain jisse nayi species banti hain.
👉 “Survival of the fittest”
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